Designing From the Outside In – 洞察设计（由外而内设计）
Tom Doak 汤姆 多克   Allan Zhang 翻译： 张旭

Golf-course designers can be divided into two camps, which can be generally described as planners or builders.

球场设计师可以分为两大阵营，一般描述为规划师和创造师。

The more commonly accepted method of design is plan-based, and that is how the profession is usually portrayed in the literature of the profession. The architect draws a complete set of plans for the course, and their design is transposed onto the ground by a team of construction profesional, using grade stakes to set grades for fairways and greens and bunkers.

一般大家更认同的设计方法都是基于设计的，同行们一般在专业文献里面也就是这么像大家描述的。设计师为一个球场画一整套图纸，专业的建造团队将其设计实现在地面上，用标桩来标识球道，果岭，沙坑的高程。

Another way to describe this approch would be: from the inside out. Greens are designed by specifying certain areas for hole locations with specific gradients of , say, one or two per cent and a certain size; then a green is tied into the surrounds by placing enough fill to soften the transition from green to native ground.

另外一种描述球场设计的方法是：由外而内。果岭被设计在具体的位置，果岭的大小和果岭里面百分之一或者百分之二的坡度都是设定好的；通过放置足够的填方，果岭和周边的自然地形就很好的过度衔接了。

This is not only the preferred form of the school-trained architect; the professional golfer-turned-designer tends to have the some approach, thinking first of how he/she wants the hole to play, and then reshaping the ground to fit those ideas.

这不是学校培养设计师的首选方式；由专业球手转变而来的设计师更倾向于这种设计，他们首先想象这个洞怎么来打，然后造型来配合他的想法。

Having trained under Pete Dye, I am firmly a member of the other school: the builder/architect approach. The builder thinks more as a sculptor would , refining the design with each pass of the cutting tool- in our case, a bulldozer or an excavator.

在皮特戴的培训下，我是一名坚定的非学院派：建造的设计师。建造者的想法更像一名雕刻家，用各种刀具来完善自己的作品，不过我们用的是推土机和挖掘机罢了。

Instead of starting with a certain size or gradient of green in mind, we start with the natural slope of the land, and message the contours until a portion is big enough and flat enougn for hole locations. We keep reshaping until we’ve sculpted a green that works for play, and let the size and shape work themselves out. At every moment throughout the process, the outside edges of the green are being worked out, so that they make natural transitions to the existing grade.

我们从自然地形的坡度出发，梳理一条条等高线直到一块区域足够大足够平来摆放洞杯；而不是从在脑子里设定果岭的大小和坡度。我们会一直造型，直到我所雕刻的果岭能够打球；让果岭的大小和造型自己去适应，这样果岭就可以自然的与周边自然环境衔接了。

I suppose the same approach plays out in other aspect of the course as well: allowing the contours of the ground to determine the maximum length of a hole, instead of deciding on a set length and pushing up ground to make a tee at the right distance; or setting a bunker into  natural rise in the ground, instead of building a bunker ar 270 yards from the back tee. But it seems to me that the construction of greens is where the two schools are most distinctly different. In both cases, form follows function. The plan-based green often sits on a little pedestal of fill, where it has to be surrounded with bunkers in order to disguise its artificial origins. The builder’s green, by contrast, looks like it has been there all long.

我也在球场其他方面设定了同样的方法：让地形来决定一个球道的长度，而不是推土做一个发球台以达到设计的球道码数；我们会在一个自然的起伏出设定一个沙坑，而不是在距离职业发球台270码的地方摆一个沙坑。但是似乎对我来说，这两种建造果岭的方法不同处最为明显。两种方法都是形式配合功能。基于设计的果岭通常坐在一块填起来的基座上，周边配合沙坑以掩饰人工化的痕迹。建造师的果岭，恰恰相反，看起来就好像在那里已经很久了。